What is the likelihood principle associated with Hermann von Helmholtz?

The likelihood principle, attributed to Hermann von Helmholtz, emphasizes that our perceptual system interprets sensory information by considering the most likely object patterns that could have given rise to the received stimuli. This is based on the idea that our brains make inferences about what we are perceiving by weighing the various possible interpretations and choosing the one that has the highest probability of being correct given the context and the sensory input.

This principle reflects the brain's use of prior knowledge and experience to inform perception, allowing us to make sense of ambiguous or incomplete sensory data. Unlike the other options, which either simplify perception to mere sensory input or fail to account for the context-dependent nature of perception, the likelihood principle encapsulates a more nuanced understanding of how our perceptual systems operate. This has been foundational in cognitive psychology, illustrating that perception is an active process of interpretation rather than a passive reception of stimuli.