What refers to the idea that memory retrieval is better when internal states match during encoding and retrieval?

State-dependent learning refers to the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to retrieve memories effectively when their internal states—such as mood, level of arousal, or physiological conditions—are the same during both the encoding and retrieval of information. This concept emphasizes that our mental state at the time of learning can have a strong influence on how well we recall that information later.

For instance, if someone learns information while feeling happy, they are more likely to remember that information when they are happy again. This principle is based on the idea that memory is not just a static storage of information; it is affected by the context and conditions present during both the learning and recall processes.

The focus of state-dependent learning makes it clear that our cognitive processes are intertwined with our emotional and physical states, providing a deeper understanding of how context plays a critical role in memory retrieval. Other options like contextual learning, conditioned memory, and associative learning do not specifically emphasize the internal state matches but rather relate to different aspects of learning and memory processes.